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How much do you know about composites
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Update： 2021-12-8 |
復(fù)合材料的原材料包括樹(shù)脂、纖維和芯材等有多種選擇，各種材料又有其獨(dú)特的強(qiáng)度、剛度、韌性和熱穩(wěn)定性等性能，成本和產(chǎn)量也不盡相同。然而，復(fù)合材料作為一個(gè)整體，其最終性能不僅與樹(shù)脂基體和纖維（以及夾芯材結(jié)構(gòu)中的芯材）有關(guān)，而且與結(jié)構(gòu)中材料的設(shè)計(jì)方法和制造工藝有密切聯(lián)系。
Composites are made from various raw materials including resins, fibers, core materials, etc. As they have different strength, stiffness, toughness, thermal stability and other performance, their costs and outputs are also different. However, the final performance of the composite as a whole is not only related to the resin matrix and fiber (and the core material in the sandwich structure), but also closely related to the structural design and manufacturing process.
十種常見(jiàn)復(fù)材成型工藝
10 Common composite forming processes
一、噴涂成型/
Spray molding
材料選擇
樹(shù)脂：主要為聚酯
纖維：粗玻璃纖維紗
芯材：需要單獨(dú)與層合板結(jié)合
Material options
Resin: polyester is mainly used
Fiber: thick glass fiber yarn
Core: needs to be combined with laminate separately
噴涂成型：把短切纖維增強(qiáng)材料與樹(shù)脂體系同時(shí)噴涂在模具內(nèi)，然后在常壓下固化成熱固性復(fù)合材料制品的一種成型工藝。
Spray molding: Chopped-fiber reinforced materials and resin systems are sprayed into the mold at the same time, and then cured into thermosetting composites under normal pressure.
典型應(yīng)用：簡(jiǎn)易圍欄，低載荷結(jié)構(gòu)板，如敞篷車(chē)車(chē)身、卡車(chē)整流罩、浴缸和小型船艇
Typical application: simple fences, low-load structural panels, such as convertible bodies, truck fairings, bathtubs and small boats
二、手糊成型/
Hand paste molding
材料選擇
樹(shù)脂：無(wú)要求，環(huán)氧、聚酯、聚乙烯基酯、酚醛樹(shù)脂均可
纖維：無(wú)要求，但是基重較大的芳綸纖維難以手糊浸潤(rùn)
芯材：無(wú)要求
Material options
Resin: no special requirement, epoxy, polyester, polyvinyl ester, phenolic resin are all desirable
Fiber: no special requirement, but hand paste molding and infiltration is difficult to achieve for aramid fiber with a larger basis weight
Core: no special requirement
手糊成型：手動(dòng)將樹(shù)脂浸潤(rùn)纖維，纖維可以為機(jī)織、編織、縫合或粘結(jié)等增強(qiáng)方式，手糊成型通常用滾輪或刷子完成，然后用膠滾擠壓樹(shù)脂使之滲入纖維。層合板置于常壓下固化。
Hand paste molding: The resin is manually infiltrated into the fiber. The fiber can be reinforced by mechanical weaving, manual weaving, stitching or bonding, etc. The hand paste molding process is usually completed with a roller or brush, and then the resin is squeezed into the fiber with a rubber roller. The laminate is cured under normal pressure.
典型應(yīng)用：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)風(fēng)電葉片，批量制作的船艇，建筑模型
Typical application: standard wind turbine blades, mass-produced boats, architectural models
三、真空袋工藝/
Vacuum bag molding
材料選擇
樹(shù)脂：主要為環(huán)氧和酚醛樹(shù)脂，聚酯和聚乙烯基酯不適用，因?yàn)樗鼈兒斜揭蚁?，揮發(fā)進(jìn)入真空泵
纖維：無(wú)要求，即使基重較大的纖維也可以在壓力下被浸潤(rùn)
芯材：無(wú)要求
Material options
Resin: epoxy and phenolic resins are mainly used, polyester and polyvinyl ester are not applicable, because they contain styrene which volatilizes into the vacuum pump
Fiber: no special requirement, even fibers with a larger basis weight can be infiltrated under pressure
Core: no special requirement
真空袋工藝：真空袋工藝是上述手糊工藝的延伸，即在模具上封一層塑料膜將手糊好的層合板抽真空，給層合板施加一個(gè)大氣壓的壓力，達(dá)到排氣緊實(shí)的效果，以提高復(fù)合材料的品質(zhì)。
Vacuum bag molding: It is an extension of the above-mentioned hand paste molding process, that is, a layer of plastic film is sealed on the mold to vacuumize the hand-pasted laminate, and an atmospheric pressure is applied to the laminate to achieve the effect of exhausting gas and then improve the quality of the composite material.
典型應(yīng)用：大尺寸的游艇，賽車(chē)零部件，船舶制造過(guò)程中芯材的粘結(jié)
Typical application: bonding of core materials in large-size yachts, racing parts and shipbuilding processes
四、纏繞成型/
Filament winding
材料選擇
樹(shù)脂：無(wú)要求，如環(huán)氧、聚酯、聚乙烯基酯和酚醛樹(shù)脂等
纖維：無(wú)要求，直接使用線軸架的纖維束，不需要機(jī)織或縫織成纖維布
芯材：無(wú)要求，但蒙皮通常為單層復(fù)合材料
Material options
Resin: no special requirement, such as epoxy, polyester, polyvinyl ester and phenolic resin, etc.
Fiber: no special requirement, directly use the fiber bundle of the spool holder, no need to weave or stitch into fiber cloth
Core: no special requirement, but the skin is usually a single-layer composite material
纏繞成型：纏繞工藝基本用于制造中空、圓形或橢圓形結(jié)構(gòu)件，如管道和槽。纖維束經(jīng)過(guò)樹(shù)脂浸潤(rùn)后沿各種方向纏繞在芯軸上，工藝過(guò)程由纏繞機(jī)和芯軸轉(zhuǎn)速控制。
Filament winding: The winding process is basically used to manufacture hollow, round or oval structural parts, such as pipes and grooves. The fiber bundle is wound on the mandrel in various directions after being infiltrated by the resin, and the process is controlled by the winding machine and the speed of the mandrel.
典型應(yīng)用：化學(xué)品儲(chǔ)藏罐和輸送管，氣缸，救火員呼吸罐
Typical application: chemical storage tanks and pipelines, gas cylinders, firefighter breathing tanks
五、拉擠成型/
Pultrusion molding
材料選擇
樹(shù)脂：通常為環(huán)氧、聚酯、聚乙烯基酯和酚醛樹(shù)脂等
纖維：無(wú)要求
芯材：未普遍使用
Material options
Resin: usually epoxy, polyester, polyvinylester and phenolic resin, etc.
Fiber: no special requirement
Core: not commonly used
拉擠成型：從線軸架抽出的纖維束浸膠后穿過(guò)加熱盤(pán)，在加熱盤(pán)完成樹(shù)脂對(duì)纖維的浸潤(rùn)，并且控制樹(shù)脂含量，最終將材料固化成要求的形狀；這種形狀固定的固化產(chǎn)品被機(jī)械切割為不同長(zhǎng)度。纖維也可以沿0度以外的方向進(jìn)入熱盤(pán)。擠拉成型是一個(gè)連續(xù)的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，制品截面通常有固定形狀，允許有微小變化。將通過(guò)熱盤(pán)的預(yù)浸潤(rùn)材料固定并鋪入模具立即固化，雖然這樣的流程連續(xù)性較差，但可以實(shí)現(xiàn)截面形狀的改變。
Pultrusion molding: The fiber bundle drawn from the spool frame is dipped and passed through the heating plate, where the resin is infiltrated into the fiber and the resin content is controlled. Finally the material is cured into the required shape. The cured product with a fixed shape is mechanically cut into different lengths. Fiber can also pass through the heating plate in directions other than 0 degrees. Pultrusion is a continuous manufacturing process. The cross-section of the product usually has a fixed shape, allowing small changes. The pre-dipped material passing through the heating plate is fixed and laid into the mold to be cured immediately. Although this process has poor continuity, it can change thecross-sectional shape.
典型應(yīng)用：房屋結(jié)構(gòu)的梁和桁架，橋梁，梯子和圍欄
Typical application: beams and trusses of house structures, bridges, ladders and fences
六、樹(shù)脂傳遞模塑工藝/
Resin transfer molding
材料選擇
樹(shù)脂：通常為環(huán)氧、聚酯、聚乙烯酯和酚醛樹(shù)脂，雙馬來(lái)酰亞胺樹(shù)脂可以在高溫下使用
纖維：無(wú)要求?？p合纖維更適合此工藝，因?yàn)槔w維束間隙利于樹(shù)脂傳送；有專(zhuān)門(mén)研發(fā)的纖維可以促進(jìn)樹(shù)脂流動(dòng)
芯材：蜂窩泡沫不適用，因?yàn)榉涓C單元將被樹(shù)脂充滿，壓力也會(huì)導(dǎo)致泡沫塌陷
Material options
Resin: epoxy, polyester, polyvinyl ester and phenolic resin usually used, bismaleimide resin can be used at high temperature
Fiber: no special requirement, stitched fibers are more suitable for this process, because the fiber bundle gap can help transfer the resin, specially developed fibers can promote resin flow
Core: honeycomb foam is not suitable, because the cells of the honeycomb structure will be filled with resin, and pressure will also cause foam collapse
樹(shù)脂傳遞模塑工藝：將干纖維鋪覆在下模內(nèi)，可以預(yù)先施加壓力使纖維盡量與模具形狀貼合，并予以粘合綁定；然后，把上模固定在下模上形成型腔，再將樹(shù)脂注入型腔。通常采用真空輔助樹(shù)脂的注入和對(duì)纖維的浸潤(rùn)，即真空輔助樹(shù)脂注入工藝（VARI）。一旦纖維浸潤(rùn)完成，即關(guān)閉樹(shù)脂導(dǎo)入閥，并將復(fù)合材料進(jìn)行固化。樹(shù)脂注入和固化既可以在室溫下進(jìn)行，也可以在加熱條件下完成。
Resin transfer molding: Lay dry fibers in the lower mold and apply pressure in advance to make fibers fit the mold shape as much as possible and bond them together. Next, fix the upper mold on the lower mold to form a cavity, and then inject the resin into the cavity. Generally, vacuum-assisted resin injection and fiber infiltration are used, that is, the vacuum-assisted resin injection process (VARI). Once the fiber infiltration is completed, the resin introduction valve is closed in order to cure the composite material. Resin injection and curing can be done at room temperature or under heating condition.
典型應(yīng)用：小型而復(fù)雜的航天飛機(jī)和汽車(chē)零部件，火車(chē)座椅
Typical application: small and complex space shuttles and auto parts, train seats
七、其他灌注工藝/
Other infusion processes-SCRIMP, RIFT, VARTM
材料選擇
樹(shù)脂：通常為環(huán)氧、聚酯、聚乙烯酯樹(shù)脂
纖維：任何常見(jiàn)纖維。縫合纖維更適合此工藝，因?yàn)槔w維束間隙加速樹(shù)脂傳送
芯材：蜂窩泡沫不適用
Material options
Resin: epoxy, polyester, polyvinyl esterresin mainly used
Fiber: any common fiber can be used. stitched fibers are more suitable for this process, because the fiber bundle gap accelerates the resin transfer
Core: honeycomb foam is not applicable
其他灌注工藝：將干纖維以類(lèi)似于RTM工藝中的方式鋪覆，然后鋪上剝離布和導(dǎo)流網(wǎng)。鋪層完成后，用真空袋完全密封，在真空度達(dá)到一定要求時(shí)，將樹(shù)脂導(dǎo)入整個(gè)鋪層結(jié)構(gòu)。樹(shù)脂在層合板中的分布依靠導(dǎo)流網(wǎng)引導(dǎo)樹(shù)脂流動(dòng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，最后自上而下將干纖維完全浸潤(rùn)。
Other infusion processes:
Fabrics are laid up as a dry stack of materials as in RTM. The fiber stack is then converted with peel ply and a knitted type of non-structural fabric. The whole dry stack is then vacuum bagged, and once bag leaks have been eliminated, resin is allowed to flow into the laminate. The resin distribution over the whole laminate is aided by resin flowing easily through the non-structural fabric, and wetting the fabric out from above.
典型應(yīng)用：試制小型船艇，火車(chē)和卡車(chē)的車(chē)身板，風(fēng)電葉片
Typical application: trial production of body panels for small boats, trains andtrucks, wind turbine blades
八、預(yù)浸料-高壓釜工藝/
Autoclave prepreg processing
材料選擇
樹(shù)脂：通常為環(huán)氧、聚酯、酚醛樹(shù)脂，耐高溫樹(shù)脂如聚酰亞胺、氰酸酯和雙馬來(lái)酰亞胺也可使用
纖維：無(wú)要求。纖維束或纖維布均可
芯材：無(wú)要求，但泡沫需耐高溫高壓
Material options
Resin: epoxy, polyester, phenolic resins are usually used, high temperature resistant resins such as polyimide, cyanate ester and bismaleimide can also be used
Fiber: no special requirement, fiber bundle or fiber cloth is suitable
Core: no special requirement, but the foam needs to resist against high temperature and high pressure
預(yù)浸料-高壓釜工藝：纖維或纖維布由材料制造商使用含有催化劑的樹(shù)脂預(yù)先浸潤(rùn)，制造方法為高溫高壓法或溶劑溶解法。催化劑為室溫潛伏型，使材料在室溫下有幾周或幾個(gè)月的有效期；冷藏條件可以延長(zhǎng)其儲(chǔ)存期限。預(yù)浸料可以手工或機(jī)器鋪入模具表面，然后覆蓋真空袋，加熱至120-180°C。加熱后樹(shù)脂可以再次流動(dòng)，并最終固化?？梢杂酶邏焊獙?duì)材料施加額外的壓力，通?？梢赃_(dá)到5個(gè)大氣壓。
Autoclave prepreg processing: The fiber or fiber cloth is pre-impregnated by the material manufacturer with a resin containing a catalyst, and the manufacturing process is conducted with the use of high temperature and high pressure method or solvent dissolution method. The catalyst is latent at room temperature, so that the material has a shelf life of several weeks or months at room temperature. Cold storage conditions can extend its shelf life. The prepreg can be placed on the mold surface by hand or machine, then covered with a vacuum bag and heated to 120-180°C. After heating, the resin can flow again and finally solidify. An autoclave can be used to apply additional pressure to the material, usually up to 5 atmospheres.
典型應(yīng)用：航天飛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)件（如機(jī)翼和尾部），F(xiàn)1賽車(chē)
Typical application: space shuttles’ structural parts (such as wings and tails), F1 racing cars
九、預(yù)浸料-非高壓釜工藝/
Out-of-autoclave prepreg processing
材料選擇
樹(shù)脂：通常僅環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂
纖維：無(wú)要求，與傳統(tǒng)預(yù)浸料一樣
芯材：無(wú)要求，但使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)PVC泡沫需特別注意
Material options
Resin: usually only epoxy resin is used
Fiber: no special requirement, the same as traditional prepreg
Core: no special requirement, but the use of standard PVC foam requires special attention
預(yù)浸料-非高壓釜工藝：低溫固化預(yù)浸料制造工藝與高壓釜預(yù)浸料完全相同，不同的是樹(shù)脂的化學(xué)特性允許其在60-120°C實(shí)現(xiàn)固化。對(duì)于低溫60°C固化，材料的工作時(shí)間僅一周；對(duì)于高溫催化劑（>80°C），工作時(shí)間可達(dá)到幾個(gè)月。樹(shù)脂體系的流動(dòng)性允許僅使用真空袋固化，避免使用高壓釜。
Out-of-autoclave prepreg processing: Low-temperature cure prepreg fabrication process is exactly the same as that of autoclave prepreg, except that the chemical properties of the resin allow it to be cured at 60-120°C. For curing at a low temperature of 60°C, the working time of the material is only one week. For a high-temperature catalyst (>80°C), the working time can reach several months. The fluidity of the resin system allows only the use of vacuum bags to cure, avoiding the use of autoclaves.
典型應(yīng)用：高性能風(fēng)電葉片，大型賽艇和游艇，救援飛機(jī)，火車(chē)部件
Typical application: high-performance wind turbine blades, large racing boats and yachts, rescue aircraft and train parts
十、半預(yù)浸料SPRINT/梁用預(yù)浸料SparPreg非高壓釜工藝/
Semi-preg SPRINT/SparPreg out-of-autoclave processing
材料選擇
樹(shù)脂：多為環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂，其他樹(shù)脂也可用
纖維：無(wú)要求
芯材：大部分，但使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)PVC泡沫需特別注意高溫
Material options
Resin: epoxy resin is mostly used, other resins can also be used
Fiber: no special requirement
Core: most materials are suitable, but the use of standard PVC foam requires special attention at high temperature
SPRINT/SparPreg非高壓釜工藝：較厚結(jié)構(gòu)（>3mm）中使用預(yù)浸料很難在固化過(guò)程中將層間或重疊鋪層部分的氣泡排出，為了克服這一困難，預(yù)抽真空被引入了鋪層工藝，卻顯著增加了工藝時(shí)間。半預(yù)浸料SPRINT由兩層干纖維夾一層樹(shù)脂膜的夾芯結(jié)構(gòu)組成，材料鋪入模具后，真空泵即可將其中的空氣在樹(shù)脂升溫變軟并浸潤(rùn)纖維前完全抽干，然后再進(jìn)行固化。梁用預(yù)浸料SparPreg是一種改進(jìn)的預(yù)浸料，在真空條件下固化時(shí)，可以很容易地將氣泡從粘合的兩層材料間排除。
SPRINT/SparPreg out-of-autoclave processing: When we use the prepreg in thicker structures (>3mm), it is difficult to discharge air bubbles between layers or overlapping layers during the curing process. In order to overcome this difficulty, pre-vacuum is introduced into the layering process, but it significantly increases process time. The semi-preg SPRINT has a sandwich structure which is composed of two-layered dry fibers and one-layer resin film. After the material is placed into the mold, the vacuum pump can completely drain the air before the resin heats up to soften and dip the fibers, and then the curing process can be conducted. The SparPreg is an improved prepreg which can easily remove air bubbles from the bonded two layers of materials when cured under vacuum condition.
典型應(yīng)用：高性能風(fēng)電葉片，大型賽艇和游艇，救援飛機(jī)
Typical application: high-performance wind turbine blades, large racing boats and yachts, rescue aircrafts
南通新納希新材料有限公司可生產(chǎn)多種復(fù)合材料用環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂，歡迎廣大新老客戶來(lái)電垂詢，我們將竭誠(chéng)為您服務(wù)！
Nantong Synasia New Material Co., Ltd. can produce a variety of epoxy resins for composite materials. Welcome all customers to call us and we will serve you wholeheartedly!
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